如何等待直到缓冲的通道（信号量）为空？

I have a slice of integers, which are manipulated concurrently:

ints := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

I'm using a buffered channel as semaphore in order to have a an upper bound of concurrently running go routines:

sem := make(chan struct{}, 2)

for _, i := range ints {
  // acquire semaphore
  sem <- struct{}{}

  // start long running go routine
  go func(id int, sem chan struct{}) {
    // do something

    // release semaphore
    <- sem
  }(i, sem)
}

The code above works pretty well until the last or last two integers are reached, because the program ends before those last go routines are finished.

Question: how do I wait for the buffered channel to drain?

You can't use a semaphore (channel in this case) in that manner. There's no guarantee it won't be empty any point while you are processing values and dispatching more goroutines. That's not a concern in this case specifically since you're dispatching work synchronously, but because there's no race-free way to check a channel's length, there's no primitive to wait for a channel's length to reach 0.

Use a sync.WaitGroup to wait for all goroutines to complete

sem := make(chan struct{}, 2)

var wg sync.WaitGroup

for _, i := range ints {
    wg.Add(1)
    // acquire semaphore
    sem <- struct{}{}
    // start long running go routine
    go func(id int) {
        defer wg.Done()
        // do something
        // release semaphore
        <-sem
    }(i)
}

wg.Wait()

Clearly there is no one waiting for your go-routines to complete. Thus the program ends before the last 2 go-routines are completed. You may use a workgroup to wait for all your go-routines complete before the program ends. This tells it better - https://nathanleclaire.com/blog/2014/02/15/how-to-wait-for-all-goroutines-to-finish-executing-before-continuing/

Use "worker pool" to process you data. It is cheeper than run goroutine for each int, allocate memory for variables inside it and so on...

ints := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

ch := make(chan int)

var wg sync.WaitGroup

// run worker pool
for i := 2; i > 0; i-- {
    wg.Add(1)

    go func() {
        defer wg.Done()

        for id := range ch {
            // do something
            fmt.Println(id)
        }
    }()
}

// send ints to workers
for _, i := range ints {
    ch <- i
}

close(ch)

wg.Wait()