我可以通过jQuery .load（）传递我的表单值并使它们可以被PHP $ _POST读取吗？

Can I pass form values in load() function of jQuery then be able to read them as $_POST parameters in php? ...

Sure, add an object with the values as 2nd parameter to your load call. See the docs where is stated:

The POST method is used if data is provided as an object; otherwise, GET is assumed.

So your JavaScript could look like:

$('#result').load('ajax/call.php', { postVarName: 'value' }, function() {
  alert('Load was performed.');
});

In PHP you can now access it:

echo $_POST["postVarName"]; // will echo: value