I have been struggling as to where to begin learning algorithms because of the insane amount of information out there. I don't have any knowledge on algorithms other than solving a Rubik's cube. I'm wondering what is a good source for a beginner to learn algorithms and if they're useful. I should also mention that the languages I know are PHP, Javascript and MySQL.
Upvote for wanting someting to learn and actually asking.
As @jbarker2160 wrote: Computer-programs are algorithms. If you know MySQLs SQL dialect you might run into the PROCEDURE command. A good example for that.
If you read about Computer history you will soon learn that some early computer programs were nothing else than a series of switch-combinations (on/off) represented by little holes in a paper. Modern programming languages like JavaScript are a high-level abstraction from that "binary" code but deep in their core they still just talk "on" and "off".
Good luck with your programming!