Symfony app_dev.php导致错误500

I am working on my first Symfony project and experiencing some strange problems. After developing mainly on my local machine I have now setup everything my hosted webspace (no root access to server).

Everything works fine when testing the webpage with Firefox, Safari or IE. But when I access the page with Chrome (latest version) most JavaScipts do not work. /app/log/prod.log shows several entries for related errors:

Uncaught PHP Exception Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\NotFoundHttpException: "No route found for "GET /js/500a0e0.js"
...

How is this possible while everything works fine with other browsers? Furthermore I cannot use app_dev.php with Chrome to investigate the problem any further. When using this front controller I just get an error 500. The same on all other browsers works fine.

Any idea what might be wrong here?