"找不到或装载主类"是什么意思？

A common problem that new Java developers experience is that their programs fail to run with the error message: Could not find or load main class ...

What does this mean, what causes it, and how should you fix it?

转载于:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18093928/what-does-could-not-find-or-load-main-class-mean

The `java <class-name>` command syntax

First of all, you need to understand the correct way to launch a program using the java (or javaw) command.

The normal syntax¹ is this:

    java [ <option> ... ] <class-name> [<argument> ...]

where <option> is a command line option (starting with a "-" character), <class-name> is a fully qualified Java class name, and <argument> is an arbitrary command line argument that gets passed to your application.
^{1 - There is a second syntax for "executable" JAR files which I will describe at the bottom.}

The fully qualified name (FQN) for the class is conventionally written as you would in Java source code; e.g.

    packagename.packagename2.packagename3.ClassName

However some versions of the java command allow you to use slashes instead of periods; e.g.

    packagename/packagename2/packagename3/ClassName

which (confusingly) looks like a file pathname, but isn't one. Note that the term fully qualified name is standard Java terminology ... not something I just made up to confuse you :-)

Here is an example of what a java command should look like:

    java -Xmx100m com.acme.example.ListUsers fred joe bert

The above is going to cause the java command to do the following:

Search for the compiled version of the com.acme.example.ListUsers class.
Load the class.
Check that the class has a main method with signature, return type and modifiers given by public static void main(String[]). (Note, the method argument's name is NOT part of the signature.)
Call that method passing it the command line arguments ("fred", "joe", "bert") as a String[].

Reasons why Java cannot find the class

When you get the message "Could not find or load main class ...", that means that the first step has failed. The java command was not able to find the class. And indeed, the "..." in the message will be the fully qualified class name that java is looking for.

So why might it be unable to find the class?

Reason #1 - you made a mistake with the classname argument

The first likely cause is that you may have provided the wrong class name. (Or ... the right class name, but in the wrong form.) Considering the example above, here a variety of wrong ways to specify the class name:

Example #1 - a simple class name:
```
java ListUser
```
When the class is declared in a package such as com.acme.example, then you must use the full classname including the package name in the java command; e.g.
```
java com.acme.example.ListUser
```
Example #2 - a filename or pathname rather than a class name:
```
java ListUser.class
java com/acme/example/ListUser.class
```
Example #3 - a class name with the casing incorrect:
```
java com.acme.example.listuser
```
Example #4 - a typo
```
java com.acme.example.mistuser
```
Example #5 - a source filename
```
java ListUser.java
```
Example #6 - you forgot the class name entirely
```
java lots of arguments
```

Reason #2 - the application's classpath is incorrectly specified

The second likely cause is that the class name is correct, but that the java command cannot find the class. To understand this, you need to understand the concept of the "classpath". This is explained well by the Oracle documentation:

So ... if you have specified the class name correctly, the next thing to check is that you have specified the classpath correctly:

Read the three documents linked above. (Yes ... READ them. It is important that a Java programmer understands at least the basics of how the Java classpath mechanisms works.)
Look at command line and / or the CLASSPATH environment variable that is in effect when you run the java command. Check that the directory names and JAR file names are correct.
If there are relative pathnames in the classpath, check that they resolve correctly ... from the current directory that is in effect when you run the java command.
Check that the class (mentioned in the error message) can be located on the effective classpath.
Note that the classpath syntax is different for Windows versus Linux and Mac OS. (The classpath separator is ; on Windows and : on the others.)

Reason #2a - the wrong directory is on the classpath

When you put a directory on the classpath, it notionally corresponds to the root of the qualified name space. Classes are located in the directory structure beneath that root, by mapping the fully qualified name to a pathname. So for example, if "/usr/local/acme/classes" is on the class path, then when the JVM looks for a class called com.acme.example.Foon, it will look for a ".class" file with this pathname:

  /usr/local/acme/classes/com/acme/example/Foon.class

If you had put "/usr/local/acme/classes/com/acme/example" on the classpath, then the JVM wouldn't be able to find the class.

Reason #2b - the subdirectory path doesn't match the FQN

If your classes FQN is com.acme.example.Foon, then the JVM is going to look for "Foon.class" in the directory "com/acme/example":

If your directory structure doesn't match the package naming as per the pattern above, the JVM won't find your class.
If you attempt rename a class by moving it, that will fail as well ... but the exception stacktrace will be different.

To give a concrete example, supposing that:

you want to run com.acme.example.Foon class,
the full file path is /usr/local/acme/classes/com/acme/example/Foon.class,
your current working directory is /usr/local/acme/classes/com/acme/example/,

then:

# wrong, FQN is needed
java Foon

# wrong, there is no `com/acme/example` folder in the current working directory
java com.acme.example.Foon

# wrong, similar to above
java -classpath . com.acme.example.Foon

# fine; relative classpath set
java -classpath ../../.. com.acme.example.Foon

# fine; absolute classpath set
java -classpath /usr/local/acme/classes com.acme.example.Foon

Notes:

The -classpath option can be shortened to -cp in most Java releases. Check the respective manual entries for java, javac and so on.
Think carefully when choosing between absolute and relative pathnames in classpaths. Remember that a relative pathname may "break" if the current directory changes.

Reason #2c - dependencies missing from the classpath

The classpath needs to include all of the other (non-system) classes that your application depends on. (The system classes are located automatically, and you rarely need to concern yourself with this.) For the main class to load correctly, the JVM needs to find:

the class itself.
all classes and interfaces in the superclass hierarchy (e.g. see Java class is present in classpath but startup fails with Error: Could not find or load main class)
all classes and interfaces that are referred to by means of variable or variable declarations, or method call or field access expressions.

(Note: the JLS and JVM specifications allow some scope for a JVM to load classes "lazily", and this can affect when a classloader exception is thrown.)

Reason #3 - the class has been declared in the wrong package

It occasionally happens that someone puts a source code file into the the wrong folder in their source code tree, or they leave out the package declaration. If you do this in an IDE, the IDE's compiler will tell you about this immediately. Similarly if you use a decent Java build tool, the tool will run javac in a way that will detect the problem. However, if you build your Java code by hand, you can do it in such a way that the compiler doesn't notice the problem, and the resulting ".class" file is not in the place that you expect it to be.

Still can't find the problem?

There lots of things to check, and it is easy to miss something. Try adding the -Xdiag option to the java command line (as the first thing after java). It will output various things about class loading, and this may offer you clues as to what the real problem is.

Also, consider possible problems caused by copying and pasting invisible or non-ASCII characters from websites, documents and so on. And consider "homoglyphs", were two letters or symbols look the same ... but aren't.

The `java -jar <jar file>` syntax

The alternative syntax used for "executable" JAR files is as follows:

  java [ <option> ... ] -jar <jar-file-name> [<argument> ...]

e.g.

  java -Xmx100m -jar /usr/local/acme-example/listuser.jar fred

In this case the name of the entry-point class (i.e. com.acme.example.ListUser) and the classpath are specified in the MANIFEST of the JAR file.

IDEs

A typical Java IDE has support for running Java applications in the IDE JVM itself or in a child JVM. These are generally immune from this particular exception, because the IDE uses its own mechanisms to construct the runtime classpath, identify the main class and create the java command line.

However it is still possible for this exception to occur, if you do things behind the back of the IDE. For example, if you have previously set up an Application Launcher for your Java app in Eclipse, and you then moved the JAR file containing the "main" class to a different place in the file system without telling Eclipse, Eclipse would unwittingly launch the JVM with an incorrect classpath.

In short, if you get this problem in an IDE, check for things like stale IDE state, broken project references or broken launcher configurations.

It is also possible for an IDE to simply get confused. IDE's are hugely complicated pieces of software comprising many interacting parts. Many of these parts adopt various caching strategies in order to make the IDE as a whole responsive. These can sometimes go wrong, and one possible symptom is problems when launching applications. If you suspect this could be happening, it is worth restarting your IDE.

Other References

From the Oracle Java Tutorials - Common Problems (and Their Solutions)

Sometimes what might be causing the issue has nothing to do with the main class, and I had to find this out the hard way. It was a referenced library that I moved, and it gave me the:

Could not find or load main class xxx Linux

I just deleted that reference, added it again, and it worked fine again.

First set the path using this command;

set path="paste the set path address"

Then you need to load the program. Type "cd (folder name)" in the stored drive and compile it. For Example, if my program stored on the D drive, type "D:" press enter and type " cd (folder name)".

In my case, error appeared because I had supplied the source file name instead of the class name.

We need to supply the class name containing the main method to the interpreter.

If your source code name is HelloWorld.java, your compiled code will be HelloWorld.class.

You will get that error if you call it using:

java HelloWorld.class

Instead, use this:

java HelloWorld

What helped me was specifying the classpath on the command line, for example:

Create a new folder, C:\temp

Create file Temp.java in C:\temp, with the following class in it:

public class Temp {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        System.out.println(args[0]);
    }
}

Open a command line in folder C:\temp, and write the following command to compile the Temp class:
```
javac Temp.java
```
Run the compiled Java class, adding the -classpath option to let JRE know where to find the class:
```
java -classpath C:\temp Temp Hello!
```

If your main method is in the class under a package, you should run it over the hierarchical directory.

Assume there is a source code file (Main.java):

package com.test;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("salam 2nya\n");
    }
}

For running this code, you should place Main.Class in the package like directory ./com/test/Main.Java. And in the root directory use java com.test.Main.

If your classes are in packages then you have to cd to the main directory and run using the full name of the class (packageName.MainClassName).

Example:

My classes are in here:

D:\project\com\cse\

The full name of my main class is:

com.cse.Main

So I cd back to the main directory:

D:\project

Then issue the java command:

java com.cse.Main

In this instance you have:

Could not find or load main class ?classpath

It's because you are using "-classpath", but the dash is not the same dash used by java on the command prompt. I had this issue copying and pasting from Notepad to cmd.

When the same code works on one PC, but it shows the error in another, the best solution I have ever found is compiling like the following:

javac HelloWorld.java
java -cp . HelloWorld

I spent a decent amount of time trying to solve this problem. I thought that I was somehow setting my classpath incorrectly but the problem was that I typed:

java -cp C:/java/MyClasses C:/java/MyClasses/utilities/myapp/Cool

instead of:

java -cp C:/java/MyClasses utilities/myapp/Cool

I thought the meaning of fully qualified meant to include the full path name instead of the full package name.

According to the error message ("Could not find or load main class"), there are two categories of problems:

Main class could not be found
Main class could not be loaded (this case is not fully discussed in the accepted answer)

Main class could not be found when there is typo or wrong syntax in the fully qualified class name or it does not exist in the provided classpath.

Main class could not be loaded when the class cannot be initiated, typically the main class extends another class and that class does not exist in the provided classpath.

For example:

public class YourMain extends org.apache.camel.spring.Main

If camel-spring is not included, this error will be reported.

In Java, when you sometimes run the JVM from the command line using the java executable and are trying to start a program from a class file with public static void main (PSVM), you might run into the below error even though the classpath parameter to the JVM is accurate and the class file is present on the classpath:

Error: main class not found or loaded

This happens if the class file with PSVM could not be loaded. One possible reason for that is that the class may be implementing an interface or extending another class that is not on the classpath. Normally if a class is not on the classpath, the error thrown indicates as such. But, if the class in use is extended or implemented, java is unable to load the class itself.

Reference: https://www.computingnotes.net/java/error-main-class-not-found-or-loaded/

On Windows put .; at the CLASSPATH value in the beginning.

The . (dot) means "look in the current directory". This is a permanent solution.

Also you can set it "one time" with set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;.. This will last as long as your cmd window is open.

This is a specific case, but since I came to this page looking for a solution and didn't find it, I'll add it here.

Windows (tested with 7) doesn't accept special characters (like á) in class and package names. Linux does, though.

I found this out when I built a .jar in NetBeans and tried to run it in command line. It ran in NetBeans but not in command line.

What fixed the problem in my case was:

Right click on the project/class you want to run, then Run As->Run Configurations. Then you should either fix your existing configuration or add new in the following way:

open the Classpath tab, click on the Advanced... button then add bin folder of your project.

You really need to do this from the src folder. There you type the following command line:

[name of the package].[Class Name] [arguments]

Let's say your class is called CommandLine.class, and the code looks like this:

package com.tutorialspoint.java;

    /**
     * Created by mda21185 on 15-6-2016.
     */

    public class CommandLine {
        public static void main(String args[]){
            for(int i=0; i<args.length; i++){
                System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " + args[i]);
            }
        }
    }

Then you should cd to the src folder and the command you need to run would look like this:

java com.tutorialspoint.java.CommandLine this is a command line 200 -100

And the output on the command line would be:

args[0]: this
args[1]: is
args[2]: a
args[3]: command
args[4]: line
args[5]: 200
args[6]: -100

Try -Xdiag.

Steve C's answer covers the possible cases nicely, but sometimes to determine whether the class could not be found or loaded might not be that easy. Use java -Xdiag (since JDK 7). This prints out a nice stacktrace which provides a hint to what the message Could not find or load main class message means.

For instance, it can point you to other classes used by the main class that could not be found and prevented the main class to be loaded.

I had such an error in this case:

java -cp lib.jar com.mypackage.Main

It works with ; for Windows and : for Unix:

java -cp lib.jar; com.mypackage.Main

All answers here are directed towards Windows users it seems. For Mac, the classpath separator is :, not ;. As an error setting the classpath using ; is not thrown then this can be a difficult to discover if coming from Windows to Mac.

Here is corresponding Mac command:

java -classpath ".:./lib/*" com.test.MyClass

Where in this example the package is com.test and a lib folder is also to be included on classpath.

Use this command:

java -cp . [PACKAGE.]CLASSNAME

Example: If your classname is Hello.class created from Hello.java then use the below command:

java -cp . Hello

If your file Hello.java is inside package com.demo then use the below command

java -cp . com.demo.Hello

With JDK 8 many times it happens that the class file is present in the same folder, but the java command expects classpath and for this reason we add -cp . to take the current folder as reference for classpath.

Class file location: C:\test\com\company

File Name: Main.class

Fully qualified class name: com.company.Main

Command line command:

java  -classpath "C:\test" com.company.Main

Note here that class path does NOT include \com\company

When running the java with the -cp option as advertised in Windows PowerShell you may get an error that looks something like:

The term `ClassName` is not recognized as the name of a cmdlet, function, script ...

In order to for PowerShell to accept the command, the arguments of the -cp option must be contained in quotes as in:

java -cp 'someDependency.jar;.' ClassName

Forming the command this way should allow Java process the classpath arguments correctly.

This might help you if your case is specifically like mine: as a beginner I also ran into this problem when I tried to run a Java program.

I compiled it like this:

javac HelloWorld.java

And I tried to run also with the same extension:

java Helloworld.java

When I removed the .java and rewrote the command like java HelloWorld, the program ran perfectly. :)

If you use Maven to build the JAR file, please make sure to specify the main class in the pom.xml file:

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
            <configuration>
                <archive>
                    <manifest>
                        <mainClass>class name us.com.test.abc.MyMainClass</mainClass>
                    </manifest>
                </archive>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

Sometimes, in some online compilers that you might have tried you will get this error if you don't write public class [Classname] but just class [Classname].

In my case, I got the error because I had mixed UPPER- and lower-case package names on a Windows 7 system. Changing the package names to all lower case resolved the issue. Note also that in this scenario, I got no error compiling the .java file into a .class file; it just wouldn't run from the same (sub-sub-sub-) directory.

I also faced similar errors while testing a Java MongoDB JDBC connection. I think it's good to summarize my final solution in short so that in the future anybody can directly look into the two commands and are good to proceed further.

Assume you are in the directory where your Java file and external dependencies (JAR files) exist.

Compile:

javac -cp mongo-java-driver-3.4.1.jar JavaMongoDBConnection.java

-cp - classpath argument; pass all the dependent JAR files one by one
*.java - This is the Java class file which has main method. sdsd

Run:

java -cp mongo-java-driver-3.4.1.jar: JavaMongoDBConnection

Please do observe the colon (Unix) / comma (Windows) after all the dependency JAR files end
At the end, observe the main class name without any extension (no .class or .java)

I had a weird one.

Error: Could not find or load main class mypackage.App

It turned out I had a pom (parent) setup in my project's pom.xml (my project's pom.xml was pointing to a parent pom.xml) and the relativePath was off/wrong.

Below is a partial of my project's pom.xml

<parent>
    <groupId>myGroupId</groupId>
    <artifactId>pom-parent</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <relativePath>../badPathHere/pom.xml</relativePath>
</parent>

Once I resolved the pom relativePath, the error went away.

Go figure.

Alright, many answers already, but no one mentioned the case where file permission can be the culprit. When running user does not have access to the jar file or one of the directory of the path. For example consider:

Jar file in /dir1/dir2/dir3/myjar.jar

User1 whow owns the jar may do:

# Running as User1
cd /dir1/dir2/dir3/
chmod +r myjar.jar

But it still doesn't work:

# Running as User2
java -cp "/dir1/dir2/dir3:/dir1/dir2/javalibs" MyProgram
Error: Could not find or load main class MyProgram

This is because the running user (User2) does not have access to dir1, dir2, or javalibs or dir3. It may drive someone nuts when User1 can see the files, and can access to them, but the error still happens for User2