Activity

 public void onSchulteButtonClick(View v) {
        LayoutInflater inflater = LayoutInflater.from(this);
        View SchulteSelectView = inflater.inflate(
                R.layout.activity_schulte_select_dialog, null);
        AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
        builder.setView(SchulteSelectView);
        builder.show();

解决了

 public void onSchulteButtonClick(View v) {
        AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
        AlertDialog dialog = builder.create();
        View SchulteSelectView = getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.activity_schulte_select_dialog, null);
        TextView tvNumLeft = (TextView) SchulteSelectView.findViewById(R.id.tv_schulte_select_num_left);
        TextView tvNumRight = (TextView) SchulteSelectView.findViewById(R.id.tv_schulte_select_num_right);
        ImageButton ibIncrease = (ImageButton) SchulteSelectView.findViewById(R.id.ib_schulte_increase);
        ImageButton ibDecrease = (ImageButton) SchulteSelectView.findViewById(R.id.ib_schulte_decrease);
        dialog.show();
        dialog.setContentView(SchulteSelectView);
    }