在像Golang这样的C ++结构中提供代码提示/标签

In Golang I can write:

type Person struct {
    Id int `json:"id"`
}

Then on JSON.Marshal(Person{}), I get {"id": 0}. That is possible due to the json tag related to the Id field. Furthermore, I can provide any custom information in the tag section and treat it later using reflect on the struct.

Is there some analogy in C++, where I can provide additional info for a field?

No. C++ does not have any serialization support in the language. You have to write it with code or you can use third party tools and libraries like Cereal, Boost.Serialization, FlatBuffers, ThorSerializer, Cap'n Proto and so on for it.