After migrating a website's source PHP and database to a new server, there were a few database connection errors producing 500.
Those were fixed quickly. However, files that were previously displaying Internal Server Errors are still doing so.
Following is a step-by-step of what happens currently.
Before:
Now:
UPDATE
No cache mechanism is installed (that I am aware of) but I should have mentioned these points:
The file permissions were unsuitable for the setting (shared host).
The something.php renamed to something3.php had 0664, rather than 644.
This comes up in google searches, for "group writable 500", and is noted on many shared hosts, related to suPHP.
I manage my own server with my own host and normally I use group writable permission for files and directories, so this was a counter-intuitive issue. I had noticed the something3.php (0664) and something2.php (644) difference before posting this Q&A, but I had no idea a group-writable permission would trigger 500 errors. Plus they don't for me in my own hosting machine.
Hope this helps someone else. I will try to update the question to be more descriptive for future reference.
Thanks for everyone's help.